cs_taxonomy.json

{
  "Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning": {
    "Computer Vision and Image Understanding": [
      "David Marr",
      "Azriel Rosenfeld",
      "Takeo Kanade"
    ],
    "Early Machine Learning and Game Playing": [
      "Arthur Samuel",
      "Donald Michie"
    ],
    "Evolutionary Computation and Genetic Algorithms": [
      "John Henry Holland",
      "Lawrence J. Fogel",
      "Ingo Rechenberg"
    ],
    "Foundations of Artificial Intelligence": [
      "John McCarthy",
      "Marvin Minsky",
      "Herbert Simon"
    ],
    "Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing": [
      "Lotfi A. Zadeh",
      "Ebrahim Mamdani",
      "Bart Kosko"
    ],
    "Natural Language Processing": [
      "Terry Winograd",
      "Joseph Weizenbaum",
      "Frederick Jelinek"
    ],
    "Neural Networks and Deep Learning": [
      "Frank Rosenblatt",
      "Geoffrey Hinton",
      "Yann LeCun"
    ],
    "Probabilistic and Causal Artificial Intelligence": [
      "Judea Pearl",
      "Thomas Bayes"
    ],
    "Robotics and Embodied Artificial Intelligence": [
      "Rodney Brooks",
      "Hans Moravec",
      "Ichiro Kato"
    ],
    "Symbolic Problem Solving and Expert Systems": [
      "Allen Newell",
      "Edward Feigenbaum",
      "Bruce Buchanan"
    ]
  },
  "Computer Architecture and Hardware Systems": {
    "Fault-Tolerant Hardware Design": [
      "Algirdas Avizienis",
      "Daniel Siewiorek",
      "Hermann Kopetz"
    ],
    "Mainframe and Supercomputer Architecture": [
      "Gene Amdahl",
      "Seymour Cray"
    ],
    "Memory Hierarchy and Cache Architecture": [
      "Alan Jay Smith",
      "Norman Jouppi",
      "Edward Davidson"
    ],
    "Microprocessors and VLSI Computing": [
      "Federico Faggin",
      "Carver Mead",
      "Lynn Conway"
    ],
    "Neuromorphic Engineering": [
      "Carver Mead",
      "Misha Mahowald",
      "Kwabena Boahen"
    ],
    "RISC Architecture": [
      "John Cocke",
      "David Patterson",
      "John Hennessy"
    ],
    "Reconfigurable Computing and FPGA Architecture": [
      "Stephen Trimberger",
      "Jonathan Rose",
      "Andre DeHon"
    ],
    "Storage Systems and Disk Architecture": [
      "Randy Katz",
      "Garth Gibson",
      "Jim Gray"
    ]
  },
  "Computer Graphics and Human-Computer Interaction": {
    "Computer Graphics": [
      "Ivan Sutherland",
      "Edwin Catmull",
      "James Blinn"
    ],
    "Computer-Supported Cooperative Work": [
      "Irene Greif",
      "Paul Dourish",
      "Lucy Suchman"
    ],
    "Graphical User Interfaces and Direct Manipulation": [
      "Adele Goldberg",
      "Larry Tesler"
    ],
    "Hypertext and Interactive Documents": [
      "Ted Nelson",
      "Andries van Dam"
    ],
    "Interactive Computing and Human-Computer Interaction": [
      "Douglas Engelbart",
      "Alan Kay",
      "Ben Shneiderman"
    ],
    "Multimodal Interaction": [
      "Sharon Oviatt",
      "Alex Pentland",
      "Robert Jacob"
    ],
    "Scientific and Information Visualization": [
      "Bruce McCormick",
      "Stuart Card",
      "Ben Shneiderman"
    ],
    "Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing": [
      "Mark Weiser",
      "Bill Schilit",
      "Roy Want"
    ],
    "Virtual and Augmented Reality": [
      "Ivan Sutherland",
      "Jaron Lanier",
      "Steve Mann"
    ]
  },
  "Cryptography and Computer Security": {
    "Classical and Modern Cryptanalysis": [
      "William Friedman",
      "Eli Biham",
      "Adi Shamir"
    ],
    "Computer Security and Access Control": [
      "Butler Lampson",
      "Roger Needham",
      "Dorothy Denning"
    ],
    "Cryptographic Hash Functions and Integrity": [
      "Ralph Merkle",
      "Hans Dobbertin",
      "Bart Preneel"
    ],
    "Foundations of Modern Cryptography": [
      "Shafi Goldwasser",
      "Silvio Micali",
      "Manuel Blum",
      "Claude Shannon"
    ],
    "Privacy-Enhancing Technologies and Mix Networks": [
      "David Chaum",
      "Roger Dingledine",
      "Paul Syverson"
    ],
    "Public-Key Cryptography": [
      "Whitfield Diffie",
      "Martin Hellman",
      "Ralph Merkle"
    ],
    "Quantum Cryptography and Key Distribution": [
      "Charles Bennett",
      "Gilles Brassard",
      "Artur Ekert"
    ],
    "RSA and Practical Public-Key Cryptography": [
      "Ron Rivest",
      "Adi Shamir",
      "Leonard Adleman"
    ],
    "Symmetric-Key Cryptography and Block Ciphers": [
      "Horst Feistel",
      "Don Coppersmith",
      "Joan Daemen"
    ]
  },
  "Databases and Information Management": {
    "Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence": [
      "Bill Inmon",
      "Ralph Kimball"
    ],
    "Deductive and Logic Databases": [
      "Jack Minker",
      "Carlo Zaniolo"
    ],
    "Early Database Management Systems": [
      "Charles Bachman",
      "Robert W. Bemer"
    ],
    "Object-Oriented Database Systems": [
      "Malcolm Atkinson",
      "Stanley Zdonik"
    ],
    "Relational Database Model": [
      "Edgar Codd",
      "Raymond Boyce"
    ],
    "Relational Database Systems and SQL": [
      "Donald Chamberlin",
      "Michael Stonebraker",
      "Eugene Wong"
    ],
    "Semi-structured Data Management": [
      "Serge Abiteboul",
      "Peter Buneman"
    ],
    "Temporal Database Systems": [
      "Richard Snodgrass",
      "Christian Jensen"
    ],
    "Transaction Processing and Concurrency Control": [
      "Jim Gray",
      "Philip Bernstein"
    ]
  },
  "Foundations and Early Computing Machinery": {
    "Analog Computing Systems": [
      "Vannevar Bush",
      "Harold Black",
      "George Philbrick"
    ],
    "Early Algorithmic Programming and Notation": [
      "Ada Lovelace",
      "Grace Hopper",
      "John Backus"
    ],
    "Early Electronic Digital Computing": [
      "John Atanasoff",
      "J. Presper Eckert",
      "John Mauchly"
    ],
    "Electromechanical Computing": [
      "Konrad Zuse",
      "Howard Aiken",
      "George Stibitz"
    ],
    "Mathematical Logic and Computability Theory": [
      "Alan Turing",
      "Alonzo Church",
      "Kurt Gödel"
    ],
    "Mechanical Calculation and Programmable Machines": [
      "Blaise Pascal",
      "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz",
      "Charles Babbage"
    ],
    "Punched Card Data Processing": [
      "Herman Hollerith",
      "James Powers",
      "Fredrik Rosing Bull"
    ],
    "Stored-Program Computing": [
      "John von Neumann",
      "Maurice Wilkes"
    ],
    "Switching Circuit Theory": [
      "Claude Shannon",
      "Victor Shestakov",
      "Charles Sanders Peirce"
    ]
  },
  "Networking and Distributed Systems": {
    "Distributed Computing and Algorithms": [
      "Leslie Lamport",
      "Nancy Lynch"
    ],
    "Ethernet and Local-Area Networking": [
      "Robert Metcalfe",
      "David Boggs"
    ],
    "Internet Architecture and Protocols": [
      "Vint Cerf",
      "Bob Kahn"
    ],
    "Packet Switching": [
      "Paul Baran",
      "Donald Davies"
    ],
    "World Wide Web": [
      "Tim Berners-Lee",
      "Robert Cailliau"
    ]
  },
  "Operating Systems and Systems Software": {
    "Distributed Operating Systems": [
      "Rob Pike",
      "Leslie Lamport",
      "Roger Needham"
    ],
    "File Systems and Storage Management": [
      "John H. Howard",
      "Mahadev Satyanarayanan",
      "Margo Seltzer"
    ],
    "Microkernels and Kernel Architecture": [
      "Andrew Tanenbaum",
      "Jochen Liedtke",
      "Richard Rashid"
    ],
    "Real-Time Operating Systems": [
      "C. Douglas Locke",
      "Lui Sha",
      "John Lehoczky"
    ],
    "Security Kernels and Protection Models": [
      "Jerome Saltzer",
      "Butler Lampson",
      "Peter Neumann"
    ],
    "Time-Sharing Systems": [
      "Fernando Corbató",
      "Jack Dennis",
      "Christopher Strachey"
    ],
    "Unix and Systems Programming": [
      "Ken Thompson",
      "Dennis Ritchie"
    ],
    "Virtual Memory and Multiprogramming": [
      "Tom Kilburn",
      "Peter Denning"
    ]
  },
  "Programming Languages and Compilers": {
    "Array Programming Languages": [
      "Kenneth Iverson",
      "Adin Falkoff",
      "Jim Brown"
    ],
    "Compiler Theory and Optimization": [
      "Frances Allen",
      "Alfred Aho",
      "Jeffrey Ullman"
    ],
    "Concurrent Programming Models": [
      "C.A.R. Hoare",
      "Carl Hewitt",
      "Robin Milner"
    ],
    "Early High-Level Programming Languages": [
      "John Backus",
      "Grace Hopper",
      "Peter Naur"
    ],
    "Functional Programming Languages": [
      "John Backus",
      "Philip Wadler",
      "Simon Peyton Jones"
    ],
    "Logic Programming Systems": [
      "Alain Colmerauer",
      "Robert Kowalski",
      "David Warren"
    ],
    "Memory Management Systems": [
      "John McCarthy",
      "Henry Baker",
      "David Ungar"
    ],
    "Object-Oriented Programming": [
      "Ole-Johan Dahl",
      "Kristen Nygaard"
    ],
    "Programming Language Semantics and Type Systems": [
      "Peter Landin",
      "Robin Milner",
      "Barbara Liskov"
    ]
  },
  "Software Engineering and Program Verification": {
    "Formal Verification and Model Checking": [
      "Edmund Clarke",
      "E. Allen Emerson",
      "Joseph Sifakis"
    ],
    "Object-Oriented Software Engineering": [
      "Grady Booch",
      "Ivar Jacobson"
    ],
    "Requirements Engineering": [
      "Michael A. Jackson",
      "Pamela Zave"
    ],
    "Software Engineering and System Design": [
      "Fred Brooks",
      "David Parnas",
      "Mary Shaw"
    ],
    "Software Maintenance and Evolution": [
      "Meir Lehman",
      "Les Belady"
    ],
    "Software Process and Lifecycle Models": [
      "Barry Boehm",
      "Winston Royce"
    ],
    "Software Testing and Validation": [
      "Glenford Myers",
      "Watts Humphrey"
    ],
    "Structured Programming and Program Correctness": [
      "Edsger Dijkstra",
      "Tony Hoare",
      "Niklaus Wirth"
    ]
  },
  "Theory of Computation and Algorithms": {
    "Algorithms and Data Structures": [
      "Donald Knuth",
      "Robert Tarjan",
      "Jack Edmonds"
    ],
    "Automata and Formal Languages": [
      "Michael Rabin",
      "Dana Scott",
      "John Hopcroft"
    ],
    "Computability and Recursive Function Theory": [
      "Alan Turing",
      "Alonzo Church",
      "Emil Post"
    ],
    "Computational Complexity": [
      "Juris Hartmanis",
      "Richard Stearns",
      "Stephen Cook"
    ],
    "Mathematical Logic and Foundations of Computation": [
      "George Boole",
      "Gottlob Frege",
      "Kurt Gödel"
    ]
  },
  "_meta": {
    "domain": "Include a person only if a historically significant part of that person's contribution is directly to computation or to an intellectual or technological foundation of computing: computing machinery and computer architecture; mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic digital computers; stored-program systems; programming languages and compilers; algorithms and data structures; computational complexity; operating systems and systems software; databases and data management; computer networking and distributed systems; artificial intelligence and machine learning; computer graphics and human-computer interaction; software engineering and program verification; cryptography and computer security; theory of computation, automata, formal languages, and computability; or mathematical logic and switching theory when the contribution directly established a foundation subsequently used to define or implement computation. Reject anyone whose principal significance lies in any other field. Reject mathematicians or mathematical logicians whose work has no substantive connection to computation; electrical and electronic engineers whose importance is principally semiconductor devices, circuit fabrication, telecommunications hardware, or electronics rather than computation; physicists whose principal contribution concerns physical theory or experiment; information scientists, librarians, documentalists, and bibliometricians whose principal contribution concerns information organization, scholarly communication, or library practice rather than computing; management scientists, business-computing specialists, and information-systems researchers without a substantive technical contribution to computing; statisticians whose significance lies in statistical theory or methodology without an algorithmic or computational contribution; linguists, psychologists, cognitive scientists, and neuroscientists whose principal contribution is to their own discipline rather than computational methods or artificial intelligence; and inventors, entrepreneurs, executives, or industrialists whose historical significance is primarily commercial, organizational, or technological rather than a contribution to computing itself.",
    "name": "computer science"
  }
}